5. Which six pathological processes can cause an increase in intra-abdominal pressure and give rise to a hernia?
Correct answer:
(1) Chronic cough, secondary to chronic bronchitis.
(2) Constipation, perhaps due to colonic carcinoma.
(3) Urinary obstruction, due to prostatic disease.
(4) Pregnancy.
(5) Abdominal distension with ascites.
(6) Weak abdominal muscles, e.g. in gross obesity or muscle wasting in cachexia.
