4. What are the local causes of dysphagia?
Correct answer: (1) In the lumen: foreign body.(2) In the wall: congenital atresia; inflammatory stricture – secondary to reflux oesophagitis; caustic stricture; achalasia; Plummer-Vinson syndrome with oesophageal web; pharyngeal pouch; Schatzki ring; tumour of oesophagus or cardia; systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).(3)…
3. How are the local causes of obstruction of any tube of the body subdivided?
Correct answer: Those in the lumen; those in the wall; and those outside the wall.
2. What are the two main divisions of the causes of dysphagia?
Correct answer: Local causes and general causes.
13. What are the five most common aetiologies of inflammation of the salivary glands?
Correct answer: (1) Calculus. (2) Chronic recurrent sialadenitis. (3) Acute bacterial infection. (4) Mumps. (5) Mikulicz’s syndrome.
12. What are the two surgical conditions of the salivary glands?
Correct answer: The two principal surgical conditions of the salivary glands are inflammation, with or without calculus, and neoplasm.
11. What is Wharton’s duct?
Correct answer: This is the duct by which the submandibular gland communicates with the mouth.
10. How does the sublingual gland communicate with the mouth?
Correct answer: The sublingual gland’s mucus secretion drains by a series of very short ducts into the floor of the mouth.
9. Where does Wharton’s duct enter the mouth?
Correct answer: Via a papilla at the base of the frenulum of the tongue.
